三、对病因的解释 对以上不合格语句的病因的解释历来有三派观点:内在辖域观、信息观和变量观。 1.内在辖域观 Ladusaw(1980)认为any是一个同形异义词:分布在非极性语境中的any是自由选择的any(free choice any,简称为FC any),它表达全称量化意义;分布在极性语境中的any是极性敏感性any(polarity sensitive any,简称为PS any),它表达存在量化意义,并典型地分布在以下语境。 (11)Peter didn't talk to anybody.(做宾语时被谓语部分的否定允准) (12)Nobody talk to anybody.(做宾语时被主语部分的否定代词允准) (13)Few people talk to anybody.(被表示很少意义的词语允准) (14)I doubt that he talked to anybody.(被含有否定意义的谓词允准) (15)Everyone who talks to anybody gets arrested.(被全称量词的限定语允准) (16)If you talk to anybody,you'll get arrested.(被条件句的前件允准) Ladusaw把广义量词理论的单调逻辑(Barwise 1979)运用于极性词的研究,认为PS any具有内在的辖域要求,它必须处于下向蕴含(downward entailing)算子的辖域内。Ladusaw用下向蕴含的属性概括了PS any分布语境的共同逻辑特征。“下向蕴含”也称“单调递减”(monotone decreasing),是指母集的信息蕴含子集的信息,例(11)-(16)中的黑体部分都是下向蕴含算子。例如,“a person”和“a woman”构成母集与子集的关系,下例(17)-(22)中的“→”表示从母集到子集的下向衍推关系。 (17)Peter didn't talk to a person→Peter didn't talk to a woman (18)Nobody talk to a person→Nobody talk to a woman (19)Few people talk to a person→Few people talk to a woman (20)I doubt that he talked to a person→I doubt that he talked to a woman (21)Everyone who talks to a person gets arrested→Everyone who talks to a woman gets arrested (22)If you talk to a person,you'll get arrested→If you talk to a woman,you'll get arrested “上向蕴含”(upward entailing)也称“单调递增”(monotone increasing),是指子集的信息蕴含母集的信息。肯定叙事句是上向蕴含语境,如例(23),不满足PS any对下向蕴含算子辖域的要求,故(24)不合法。 (23)Peter talked to a woman→Peter talked to a person (24)*Peter talked to anybody. 然而,Ladusaw提出的内在辖域条件不过是任意性的规定而已,未能揭示下向蕴含算子与any的语义之间的联系。any本身的语义并不指示言语者“把我用于下向蕴含算子的辖域内”。此外,他割裂了两个any之间的联系。其实,FC any和PS any并非同形异义词,而是同一个词在不同语境中表现出不同的极性特征而已,两个any都表示任选意义。 (责任编辑:admin) |