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①“真正女性”标准要求女性拥有“虔诚、贞洁、温顺、持家”这四种美德，在服务男权社会的同时成为社会“文明”的标尺(see Barbara Welter,"The Cult of True Womanhood:1880-1860",in American Quarterly,18:2[1966],pp 151-174)。 ②See Sarah Grand,"The New Aspect of the Woman Question",in North American Review,158(Mar,1894),pp.270-271. ③See Marianne Berger Woods,The New Woman in Print and Pictures:An Annotated Bibliography,Jefferson:McFarland & Company,2009,p.11. ④Ouida,"The New Woman,in North American Review",158(May,1894),p.612. ⑤Qtd in Gillian Sutherland,In Search of the New Woman:Middle Class Women and Work in Britain,1870-1914,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2015,p.11. ⑥See Sheila Rowbotham,Dreamers of a New Day:Women who Invented the Twentieth Century,London:Verso,2010,p.4. ⑦See Gillian Sutherland,In Search of the New Woman:Middle Class Women and Work in Britain,1870-1914,pp 13-14. ⑧See William H.Chafe,The Paradox of Change:American Women in the 20th Century,New York:Oxford University Press,1991,p.9,p.11. ⑨Quida,"The New Woman",p.612. ⑩See John Ruskin,Sesame and Lilies,Gloucestershire:Dodo Press,2007,pp.55-57. (11)See Kay Boardman,"The Ideology of Domesticity:The Regulation of the Household Economy in Victorian Women's Magazines",in Victorian Periodicals Review,33:2(2000),p.155. (12)Cindy Weinstein,"Introduction",in Cindy Weinstein,ed,The Cambridge Companion to Harriet Beecher Stowe,New York:Cambridge University Press,2004,p.1. (13)Elizabeth Ammons,"Heroines in Uncle Tom's Cabin",in American Literature,49:2(1977),p.163.关于这部小说中的种族思想与家庭价值观的融合，详见Arthur Riss,"Racial Essentialism and Family Values in Uncle Tom's Cabin",in American Quarterly,46:4(1994),pp.513-544。 (14)See Daria Frezza,The Leader and the Crowd:Democracy in American Public Discourse,1880-1941,trans.Martha King,Athens:The University of Georgia Press,2002,pp.113-120. (15)Rogers Smith,Civic Ideals:Conflicting Visions of Citizenship in U.S.History,New Haven:Yale University Press,1997,pp.467-468. (16)See Walter Benn Michaels,"The Vanishing American",in American Literary History,2:2(1990),pp.220-241; Walter Benn Michaels,"Race into Culture:A Critical Genealogy of Cultural Identity",in Critical Inquiry,18:4(1992),pp.655-685; Paul R D.Lawrie,"'Mortality as the Life Story of a People':Frederick L Hoffman and Actuarial Narratives of African American Extinction,1896-1915",in Canadian Review of American Studies,43:3(2013),p 359. (17)See http://www.globalresearchca/civilization-barbarism-the-white-mans-burden-1898-1902/5461424。 (18)See Alan Dawley,Changing the World:American Progressives in war and Revolution,Princeton:Princeton University Press,2003,p.74. (19)See http://immigrants harpweek.com/ChineseAmericans/IIlustrations/113LastAdditionToTheFamilyMain.htm。 (20)Willa Cather,A Lost Lady,New York:Vintage Books,1990,p.141.后文出自同一著作的引文，将随文标出该著名称首词和引文出处页码，不再另注。 (21)上尉早年在草原上建立了铁路网。铁路导致了对精确时间的苛刻要求，以自然为衡量尺度的地方时间被标准时间(即机械钟表显示的抽象时间)所代替。有关“现代”时间的建立，详见Jeff Webb,"Modernist Memory; or,the Being of Americans",in Criticism,44:3(2002),p.232；迈克·克朗《文化地理学》，杨淑华、宋惠敏译，南京大学出版社，2005年，第98页。 (22)See Daria Frezza,The Leader and the Crowd:Democracy in American Public Discourse,1880-1941,p 39. (23)See Daria Frezza,The Leader and the Crowd:Democracy in American Public Discourse,1880-1941,pp.68-96; Rogers Smith,Civic Ideals:Conflicting Visions of Citizenship in U.S History,pp.467-468; Ann Towns,"The Status of Women and the Ordering of Human Societies along the Stages of Civilization",in Martin Hall and Patrick Thaddeus Jackson,eds,Civilizational Identity:The Production and Reproduction of "Civilizations",in International Relations,New York:Palgrave Macmillan,2007,pp.167-179. (24)See http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2010715053/ (25)See Ouida,"The New Woman",p 614. (26)See Ann Towns,"The Status of Women and the Ordering of Human Societies along the Stages of Civilization",p.176. (27)Charles Darwin,The Descent of Man,N.Chelmsford:Dover Publication,2010,p.399. (28)See Ann Towns,"The Status of Women and the Ordering of Human Societies along the Stages of Civilization",pp.170-175. (29)Frank Norris,McTeague,New York:Dover,2004,p.247. (30)See Lisa Cochran Higgins,"Adulterous Individualism,Socialism",and Free Love in Nineteenth-Century Anti-Suffrage Writing,in Legacy,21:2(2004),p.194. (31)See Craig Buettinger,"Antivivisection and the Charge of Zoophil-Psychosis in the Early Twentieth Century",in The Historian,55(1993),pp.277-288. (32)See Vera Norwood,Made from This Earth:American Women and Nature,Chapel Hill:the University of North Carolina Press,1993,p.171; Adam Rome,"'Political Hermaphrodites':Gender and Environmental Reform in Progressive America",in Environmental History,11:3(2006),p.442,p.453. (33)Margaret Delard,"The Change in the Feminine Ideal",in Atlantic Monthly,CV(March,1910),p.295. (34)如南方乔治·皮博迪教育学院(George Peabody College for Teachers)在1914年成立了“家庭经济系”(see Mary S.Hoffschwelle,"The Science of Domesticity:Home Economics at George Peabody College for Teachers,1914-1939",in The Journal of Southern History,57:4[1991],pp 659-680)。 (35)See Elizabeth Freeman,"The Whole(y)Family:Economies of Kinship in the Progressive Era",in American Literary History,16:4(2004),pp.619-664; Priscilla Yamin,"The Search for Marital Order:Civic Membership and the Politics of Marriage in the Progressive Era",in Polity,41:1(2009),p 87; William Kuby,"Till Disinterest Do Us Part:Trial Marriage,Public Policy,and the Fear of Familial Decay in the United States,1900-1930",in Journal of the History of Sexuality,23:3(2014),pp.383-414. (36)See John Dewey,"Democracy and Educational Administration,in School and Society",45(April,1937),p.462. (37)Jane Addams,"Social Control",in The Crisis,1:3(1911),p.22. (38)See John Dewey,Democracy and Education:An Introduction to the Philosophy of Education,New York:Free Press,1916,pp.2-3. (39)See Eric Love,Race over Empire:Racism and U.S.Imperialism,1865-1900,Chapel Hill:The University of North Carolina Press,2004,p.10.关于当时欧美将自身与他国的关系定义为“父-子”或“教师-学生”模式的论述，详见Gary Wilder,The French Imperial Notion-State:Negritude and Colonial Humanism between the Two World Wars,Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,2005,pp.125-126。 (40)David J.Rothman,Conscience and Convenience:The Asylum and Its Alternatives in Progressive America,New York:Aldine de Gruyter,2002,PP.48-49. (41)Qtd in William H.Chafe,The Paradox of Change:American Women in the 20[th] Century,p.15. (42)Sarah Grand,"The New Aspect of the Woman Question",p.275. (43)See Sheila Rowbotham,Dreamers of a Neu Day:Women Who Invented the Twentieth Century,p.2. (44)See Judith L Stephens,"Gender Ideology and Dramatic Convention in Progressive Era Plays,1890-1920",in Theatre Journal,41:1(1989),p.48. (45)See Angus Fletcher,"Willa Cather and the Upside-Down Politics of Feminist Darwinism",in Frontiers:A Journal of Women Studies,34:2(2013),pp 114-115. (46)See Dan Streible,"A History of the Boxing Film,1894-1915:Social Control and Social Reform in the Progressive Era,in Film History,3:3(1989),p.241. (47)See Mary Joy Breton,Women Pioneers for the Environment,Boston:Northeastern University Press,1998,p.64; Darlene Emmert Fisher,"Evanston Women in the Progressive Era:Women Performed Social Work Representative of National Concerns",in OAH Magazine of History,1:3/4(1986),pp.19-21. (48)Adam Rome,"'Political Hermaphrodites':Gender and Environmental Reform in Progressive America",p.442.关于女性环保史的梳理，详见Susan A.Mann,"Pioneers of U.S.Ecofeminism and Environmental Justice",in Feminist Formations,23:2(2011),pp.1-25。 (49)See Vera Norwood,Made from This Earth:American Women and Nature,p.24. (50)详见金莉《从〈尖尖的枞树之乡〉看朱厄特创作的女性视角》，载《外国文学评论》1999年第1期，第87页。 (51)See David Stouck,Willa Cather's Imagination,Lincoln:University of Nebraska Press,1975,pp.24-32. (52)Willa Cather,O Pioneers!,New York:Bantam Books,1989,p.54. (53)See Sheila Rowbotham,Dreamers of a New Day:Women who Invented the Twentieth Century,pp.5-6.美国中产阶级女性思想传统的一大特征就是一方面与男性主导的社会意识形态保持距离，一方面又积极利用它来确立自己相对于其他群体的独特身份。这不仅在种族层面，在阶级层面亦有体现。如伊丽莎白·郎兰德在分析19世纪维多利亚女性小说时所揭示的，中产阶级女性持家的核心内容就是利用阶级权力管理仆人，塑造等级分明的社会礼仪，进而成为白人中产阶级价值的实际决定人。因此，她们从来就不是既往女性研究所建构的沉默他者和静坐在家的“受害天使”(see Elizabeth Langland,"Nobody's Angels:Domestic Ideology and Middle-Class Women in the Victorian Novel",in PMLA,107:2[1992],pp.291-303)。 (54)See Julian B.Carter,"Birds,Bees,and Venereal Disease:Toward an Intellectual History of Sex Education",in Journal of the History of Sexuality,10:2(2001),p.220. (55)有关酗酒的医学或文化归属之争，详见R.E.Kendell,"Alcoholism：A Medical Or A Political Problem?",in The British Medical Journal,1:6160(Feb.,1979),pp.367-371; Howard F.Stein,"Alcoholism as Metaphor in American Culture:Ritual Desecration as Social Integration",in Ethos,13:3(1985),pp.195-235; Timothy P.Rouse and N.Prabha Unnithan,"Comparative Ideologies and Alcoholism:The Protestant and Proletarian Ethics,in Social Problems",40:2(1993),pp 213-227。 (56)See Clarence Miller,"The Public Health Aspects of Alcoholism",in The Public Health Journal,7:1(1916),p 6; Mariana Valverde,"'Slavery from within':The Invention of Alcoholism and the Question of Free Will",in Social History,22:3(1997),pp.260-261.这一点甚至被帝国主义用来证明自身殖民统治的合法性，如法国将酗酒视为异族的恶习，声称自己的殖民是在帮助“提升”野蛮的原始文明(see Owen White,"Drunken States:Temperance and French Rule in Cote D'ivoire,1908-1916",in Journal of Social History,40:3[2007],p.665,p.673)，不过，当时对此也有异议(see Theo B.Hyslop,"The Influence of Parental Alcoholism on the Physique and Ability of Offspring",in The British Medical Journal,1:2611[Jan,1911],pp.94-97)。 (57)See Holly Berkley Fletcher,Gender and the American Temperance Movement of the Nineteenth Century,New York:Routledge,2008,p.79; see also Timothy P.Rouse and N.Prabha Unnithan,"Comparative Ideologies and Alcoholism:The Protestant and Proletarian Ethics",p.219. (58)See Julian B.Carter,"Birds,Bees,and Venereal Disease:Toward an Intellectual History of Sex Education",p.216. (59)See Mary E.Odem,Delinquent Daughters:Protecting and Policing Adolescent Female Sexuality in the United States,1885-1920,Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,1995; Laura S.Abrams,"Guardians of Virtue:The Social Reformers and the 'Girl Problem',1890-1920",in Social Service Review,74:3(2000),pp 436-452; Catherine Cocks,"Rethinking Sexuality in the Progressive Era",in Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era,5:2(2006),pp 93-118; Lawrence M.Friedman,Guarding Life's Dark Secrets:Legal and Social Controls over Reputation,Propriety,and Privacy,Stanford:Stanford University Press,2007,pp 171-191. (60)See William L O'Neill,"Divorce in the Progressive Era",in American Quarterly,17:2,Part 1(1965),pp.206-207. (61)实行多偶制的犹他州也因此像美国南方一样成了共和国的叛徒，直至清除这一现象之后才在1896年被联邦接纳(see Kelly Elizabeth Phipps,"Marriage and Redemption:Mormon Polygamy in the Congressional Imagination,1862-1887",in Virginia Law Review,95:2[2009],pp.445-454)。 (62)白人女性的卖淫被称为“白人奴隶制”，在美国进步主义时期引起了巨大震动(see Mara L.Keire,"The Vice Trust:A Reinterpretation of the White Slavery Scare in the United States,1907-1917",in Journal of Social History,35:[2001],pp.5-41)。 (63)See Mary Spongberg,Feminizing Venereal Disease:The Body of the Prostitute in the Nineteenth-Century Medical Discourse,London:McMillan,1997,pp.9-10. (64)这个词来自19世纪后期的德国疾病分类学，对象包括流浪汉、罪犯、无政府主义者、革命者、改革者等。它体现了“理性”对女性性欲的彻底否定(see Elizabeth Lunbeck,"'A New Generation of Women':Progressive Psychiatrists and the Hypersexual Female",in Feminist Studies,13:3[1987],p.513,p.515,p.517)。 (65)这反映了当时“科学”话语的双重标准。医学界对于男性的性行为相当宽容，认为他们必须定期实施性行为而不受道德谴责，因为这是“正常”的生理宣泄需要。关于医学研究对于男女性欲的双重标准以及美国对“性”的看法变化，详见John C.Burnham,"The Progressive Era Revolution in American Attitudes Toward Sex",in The Journal of American History,59:4(1973),pp.885-908。 (66)See Christopher Diffee,"Sex and the City:The White Slavery Scare and Social Governance in the Progressive Era",in American Quarterly,57:2(2005),pp 411-437; Ann R.Gabbert,"Prostitution and Moral Refonn in the Borderlands:El Paso,1890-1920",in Journal of the History of Sexuality,12:4(2003),pp 589-594.值得注意的一个现象是，当时世界范围内不少国家都将卖淫视为对文明和国家身份的颠覆，而中产阶级则普遍被视为消除这一道德危机的力量(see Keely Stauter-Halsted,"Moral Panic and the Prostitute in Partitioned Poland:Middle-Class Respectability in Defense of the Modem Nation",in Slavic Review,68:3[2009],pp.557-581,William E.French,"Prostitutes and Guardian Angels:Women,Work,and the Family in Porfirian Mexico",in The Hispanic American Historical Review,72:4[1992],pp.529-553)。 (67)See Elizabeth Lunbeck,"'A New Generation of Women':Progressive Psychiatrists and the Hypersexual Female",p.526. (68)See Anne E.Bowler,Chrysanthi S.Leon,Terry G.Lilley,"'What Shall We Do with the Young Prostitute? Reform Her or Neglect Her?':Domestication as Reform at the New York State Reformatory for Women at Bedford,1901-1913",in Journal of Social History,47:2(2013),p.460. (69)“自由之爱”是波西米亚人反抗婚姻体制的思想，认为缺乏思想交流的家庭只是“功能性”的空壳，这种情况下的通奸是正义的反叛。这一思想到1910年代达到了高峰(see Christine Stansell,American Moderns:Bohemian New York and the Creation of a New Century,New York:Metropolitan Books,2000,p.251,pp.274-278)。 (70)See Willa Cather,O Pioneers!,p.263. (71)See Alexander V.Avakov,Metafolklore:The Surreal Diary of an Unwilling Spy,Bloomington:Xlibris,2012,p.273. (72)Qtd in Tim Prchal,"Reimagining the Melting Pot and the Golden Door:National Identity in Gilded Age and Progressive Era Literature",in MELUS,32:1(2007),p 34. (73)See Thomas C.Leonard,"Retrospectives:Eugenics and Economics in the Progressive Era,in The Journal of Economic Perspectives,19:4(2005),p 210,p.212. (74)See G.Stanley Hall,Adolescence:Its Psychology and Its Relations to Physiology,Anthropology,Sociology,Sex,Crime,Religion,and Education,New York:Appleton,1915,p.630. (75)转引自王恩铭《20世纪美国妇女研究》，上海外语教育出版社，2002年，第56页；另参见Laura L.Lovett,Conceiving the Future:Pronatalism,Reproduction,and the Family in the United States,1890-1938,Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,2007,pp.91-93; Aristide R Zolberg,A Nation by Design:Immigration Policy in the Fashioning of America,New York:Russell Sage Foundation,2006,pp.206-207。 (76)关于19、20世纪之交欧美女性主义与优生学思想的合流及其与帝国和种族问题的关联，详见Clare Hanson,A Cultural History of Pregnancy:Pregnancy,Medicine,and Culture,1750-2000,Hampshire:Palgrave McMillan,2004,pp.83-92。 (77)See Willa Cather,My ,Boston:Houghton Mifflin,1977,p.353,p.366. (78)Willa Cather,My Antonia,pp.338-339. (79)See Gail Bederman,Manliness and Civilization:A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States,1880-1917,Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,1995; Michael Kimmel,Manhood in America:A Cultural History,New York:Free Press,1996; Kristin L.Hoganson,Fighting for American Manhood:How Gender Politics Provoked the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars,New Haven:Yale University Press,1998. (80)亚当斯与她的同伴艾米丽·鲍尔奇及爱丽丝·汉密尔顿记录了她们的经历，结集出版为《海牙的女性们》(see Jane Addams,Emily G.Balch and Alice Hamilton,Women at The Hague:The International Congress of Women and Its Results,Champaign:University of Illinois Press,2003)。 (81)See Courtney Q.Shah,"'Against Their Own Weakness''':Policing Sexuality and Women in San Antonio,Texas,during World War I",in Journal of the History of Sexuality,19:3(2010),pp.466-467. (82)H.L Mencken,"Portrait of an American Citizen",in Margaret Anne O'Connor,ed,Willa Cather:The Contemporary Reviews,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2001,p.142. (83)Ernest Hemingway,Ernest Hemingway:Selected Letters 1917-1961,ed Carlos Baker,New York:Scribners,1981,p.105. (84)详见李公昭《文本与潜文本的对话——重读薇拉·凯瑟〈我们中的一员〉》，载《外国文学评论》2007年第1期。 (85)See Philippa Levine,"Venereal Disease,Prostitution",and the Politics of Empire:The Case of British India,in Journal of the History of Sexuality,4:4(1994),p.590,p.598. (86)See Eliza Riedi,"Women,Gender,and the Promotion of Empire:The Victoria League,1901-1914",in The Historical Journal,45:3(2002),p.578,p.585; Frederick Cooper and Ann L.Stoler,"Tensions of Empire:Colonial Control and Visions of Rule",in American Ethnologist,16(1989),pp.613-614.关于持家活动的帝国主义旨归，详见Susan Zlotnick,"Domesticating Imperialism:Curry and Cookbooks in Victorian England,in Frontiers:A Journal of Women Studies,16:2/3(1996),pp.51-68。 (87)Owen White,Children of the French Empire:Miscegenation and Colonial Society in French West Africa,1895-1960,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1999,p 27. (88)See Jane Hunter,The Gospel of Gentility:American Women Missionaries in Turn-of-the-Century China,New Haven:Yale University Press,1984. (89)Bing Xin,"Photograph,in Jane M.Rabb,ed,The Short Story and Photography,1880's-1980's:A Critical Anthology,Albuquerque:University of New Mexico Press,1998,pp 121-137.在此感谢美国加州大学洛杉矶分校张敬珏(King-kok Cheung)教授向本人提供了这部作品的信息。 (90)“玩偶情结”是心理学家克里斯蒂·奥利弗对小女孩喜爱玩偶这一现象的理论归纳。奥利弗发现，小女孩和玩偶玩耍时总是遵循着固定情节：玩偶作为女儿不听话，被女孩扮演的母亲责备。从心理学层面上分析，这个“不乖”的玩偶实际上是小女孩的自身镜像，小女孩则在想象中成了日常教育自己的母亲，拥有成熟的魅力并是父亲的选择对象(see Christiane Olivier,Jocasta's Children:the Imprint of Mother,trans George Graig,New York:Rouledge,1989,p.73)。 (91)See Chae Chan Ping v.United States,130 U.S.581(1889),p.595. (92)See Susan Sniader Lanser,"Feminist Criticism,'The Yellow War Paper',and the Politics of Color in America,in Feminist Studies,15:3(1989),pp.415-441; King-Kok Cheung,"Thrice Muted Tale:Interplay of Art and Politics in Hisaye Yamamoto's 'The Legend of Miss Sasagawara',in MELUS,17:3(1991-1992),pp.120-121; Catherine J.Golden,ed,Charlotte Perkins Gilman's The Yellow Wallpaper:A Sourcebook and Critical Edition,New York:Rouledge,2004,pp.105-108. (93)See Liette Gidlow,"Delegitimizing Democracy:'Civic Slackers',the Cultural Turn,and the Possibilities of Politics,in The Journal of American History,89:3(2002),pp.922-923. (94)See "Navy League of the United States",in Seven Seas,1:2(July,1915),p.30. (95)See Walton Rawls,Wake Up,America!:World War Ⅰand the American Poster,New York:Abbeville Press,1988,p.151. (96)See Walton Rawls,Wake Up,America!:World War Ⅰand the American Poster,p 206,p.122. (97)See Christopher Capozzola,"The Only Badge Needed Is Your Patriotic Fervor:Vigilance,Coercion,and the Law in World War Ⅰ America",in The Journal of American History,88:4(2002),p.1372.美国邻里互相监督言行被认为是公民责任的一部分，在战时利于国家安全。在一战期间，很多“意志薄弱”的女性(即妓女等性行为随便的女性)被强行送到医院进行心理检查，甚至绝育。关于美国女性在一战期间的使命感，详见Christopher Capozzola,Uncle Sam Wants You:World War Ⅰand the Making of Modern American Citizen,New York:Oxford University Press,2008,pp.83-116。 (98)See Sarah Mercer Judson,"'Leisure Is a Foe to Any Man':The Pleasures and Dangers of Leisure in Atlanta during World War Ⅰ",in Journal of Women’s History,15:1(2003),pp.97-98; Julian B.Carter,"Birds,Bees,and Venereal Disease:Toward an Intellectual History of Sex Education,pp.221-222. (99)See Shannon Bell,Reading,Writing,and Rewriting the Prostitute Body,Bloomington:Indiana University Press,1994,p.41. (100)See Courtney Q Shah,"Against Their Own Weakness",p.464,p.459. (101)Willa Cather,My ,p.343. (102)卡尔·曼海姆《意识形态和乌托邦：知识社会学引论》，霍桂恒译，中国人民大学出版社，2013年，第24页。 (责任编辑：admin) |