[1] 《帕梅拉》有吴辉的汉语译本,1997年南京译林出版社出版。我对原文的理解和吴先生的译文时有出入,因此本文所有征引都是自行翻译。所据版本为Samuel Richardson, Pamela, London: J.M. Dent & Sons, Everyman’s Library, 1966, Volume I。标明出处用信的序号,以便持有不同版本的读者核对。 [2] 仅从清洁卫生,就可见当时家务的繁重:很多家庭用水是靠接雨;清除锅上的油垢要用石粉或者草木灰;肥皂比较贵,很多人家把厕所里的尿留起来,洗衣服用。详见Bridget Hill, Women,Work, and Sexual Politics in Eighteenth-Century England, London: George Allen & Unwin, 1984, pp. 103-24。 [3] Paul Langford, Public Life and the Propertied Englishman, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991, p. 11。 [4] 参看James Clifford, Young Sam Johnson, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1955, p. 20。 [5] 参看Douglas Bush, Jane Austen, New York: Macmillian, 1975, p. 8。 [6] Daniel Defoe, Moll Flanders, ed. G.A. Starr, Oxford: Oxford Universtiy Press, 1971, pp. 60-62; 有关当时仆人的名目、等级、职掌,参看J. Jean Hecht, The Domestic Servant Class in Eighteenth-Century England, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1956, pp. 35-70,以及Randolph Trumbach, The Rise of the Egalitarian Family: Aristocratic Kinship and Domestic Relations in Eighteenth-Century England, New York: Academic Press, 1978, pp. 134-41。Hecht著作虽然旧,但内容极其丰富,不仅限于仆人,对十八世纪英国社会、文化史的原始材料来源,指陈尤详。 [7] Lawrence Stone, Road to Divorce, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990, p. 212。 [8] 《帕梅拉》中有不少这样的例子。比如在第十六封信里,B先生盘问女管家:“Has she told you what I did to her, and all I did to her, to occasion all this folly, by which my reputation might have suffered in your opinion, and in that of all the family; inform me what she has told you?”B先生单身,母亲又刚刚去世,整个宅子里的嫡亲只有他自己,他所说的“all the family”指的是所有的仆人,吴辉的译本作“全家人”,可能是于词义失查。 [9] Oxford English Dictionary中“Family”做“仆人”讲的义项引例五条,有三条出于十八世纪。但是十八世纪的主人在谈及家务时,已经有“great family”和“little family”的区别,前者指仆人,后者指子女。详见前引Trumbach著作, pp. 129-30。参看Bridget Hill, Servants: English Domestics in the Eighteenth Century, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996, pp. 90-92。 [10] “Character”在当时有很多作假的,是很大的社会问题,小说家菲尔丁有专文论述,见Henry Fielding, Covent-Garden Journal and A Plan of the Universal Register-Office, ed. B.A. Goldgar, Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press, 1988。 [11] 见前引Hecht著作,pp. 75-6, 207-8,及前引Trumbach著作,pp. 132-34;参看Mark Girouard,Life in the English Country House, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1980, pp. 9-11, 138-41, 206。 [12] 关于“criminal conversation”名称的来源,斯通和Oxford English Dictionary有不同的解释,读者可以两相比较,择善而从,详见前引 Stone, Uncertain Unions & Broken Lives (简装合订本), New York: Oxford University Press, 1995, pp. 45-46。斯通指出,依贵族的旧习,丈夫应向妻子的外遇提出决斗才不失身份。索要赔偿,原先只是中产阶级的习俗。但是到十八世纪,索赔已经是上层社会的通例。金钱重于脸面,以此可见价值标准的变迁。这其实也是十八世纪文学的一部分背景。 [13] Trials for Adultery: or the History of Divorces (1779), ed. Randolph Trumbach, New York: Garland Publishing Inc., 1985; Lawrence Stone, 前引Uncertain Unions & Broken Lives。 [14] 参看前引Stone, Road to Divorce, pp. 224-228, 及Uncertain Unions & Broken Lives, pp. 383-404。 [15] The Rambler, No. 68, Yale Edition of the Works of Samuel Johnson, eds, W.J. Bate and A. B. Strauss, New Haven: Yale university Press, 1969, Volume 3。 [16] 参看Stone, Road to Divorce, pp. 213-214。 [17] 参看钱钟书,“中国诗与画”,《旧文四篇》,上海古籍出版社,1979,pp. 1-2。 [18] Directions to Servants and Miscellaneous Pieces, ed. Herbert Davis, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1973, p. 57。《仆人指南》1745年出版,但成文是在《帕梅拉》出版之前,因此内中的议论不可能受《帕梅拉》的影响。参看Davis所著导言。 [19] James Boswell, Life of Johnson, ed. R. W. Chapman, Oxford University Press, 1980, p. 1086。 [20] 参看T.C. Duncan Eaves and Ben D. Kimpel, Samuel Richardson: A Biography, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971, pp. 41-42, 157,499, 514。 [21] The Apprentice’s Vade Mecum (1734), Introd. Alan Dugald McKillop, Los Angeles: University of California, the Augustan Reprint Society, 1975, p. xii。 [22] Familiar Letters on Important Occasions, ed. Brian W. Downs, London: George Routledge & Sons, 1928, p. 4。《帕梅拉》即由此书中的两封信发展而成。关于《帕梅拉》的缘起,小说的各个流行版本的前言都有介绍。 [23] 参看Stanislaw Ossowski, Class Structure in the Social Consciousness, transl. Shela Patterson, New York: The Free Press of Glencoe, 1963, Chaps IV, XI; Raymond Williams,Culture and Society, Columbia University Press, 1960, Introduction; Peter H. Lindert, “English Occupations, 1670-1811”, Journal of Economic History, (40), 1980, pp. 685-712。 [24] 参看前引Eaves & Kimpel, Samuel Richardson, p. 5。 [25] William Slattery, ed., The Richardson-Stinstra Correspondence and Stinstra’s Preface to Clarrisa, Carbondale and Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press, 1969, pp. 21-44。 [26] 见前引Eaves & Kimpel, Samuel Richardson, p. 537。 [27] 一个普通的学徒何以能够跟一个富有的绅士通信?很多学者觉得不可思议。理查逊在《克莱丽莎》中对上层社会的放荡生活多有描写。他可能是想证明自己的描写有实际的根据,不是凭空想像出来的,¾¾这样的想像跟一个老实本分的工商业者的身份不符,会招人讥笑,于是编造出一个早年与之通信的绅士。参看Alan Dugald McKillop, Samuel Richardson, Lawrence: The University of Kansas Press, 1968, p. 11; 及John Troggat, “Richardson’s Clarissa”, 见M. E. Novak, ed., English Literature in the Age of Disguise, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977, p. 173。 [28] 理查逊这种不经许可而展示来信的习惯,曾经引起朋友的抗议,见Anna Laetitia Barbauld, ed., The Correspondence of Samuel Richardson, London, 1804, IV, p. 39。 [29] 信写于1749-1750年之间,见前引Barbauld, ed., The Correspondence of Samuel Richardson, IV, p. 21, 收信人是Anne Granville Dewes,著名女文化人Mary Delany的妹妹。关于理查逊的女读者的社会背景,参看前引Eaves & Kimpel, Samuel Richardson, p. 343。 [30] 信的日期是1755年12月15日, 见前引 Barbauld ed., The Correspondence of Samuel Richardson, III, pp. 65-66。 [31] 前引Slatter编The Richardson-Stinstra Correspondence,p. 29。 [32] 参看John Brewer, The Pleasures of the Imagination: English Culture in the Eighteenth Century, New York: Farrar, Straus &Giroux, 1997, pp. 161-166。 [33] 信的日期是1750年1月21日,收信人是De Freval,见前引Barbuald ed., The Correspondence of Samuel Richardson, V, p. 273。 (责任编辑:admin) |