|
①关于西姆斯及“地球中空说”的详尽介绍，详见James McBride,Symmes's Theory of Concentric Spheres; Demonstrating That the Earth Is Hollow,Habitable within,and Widely Open about the Poles,Cincinnati:Morgan,Lodge,and Fisher,1826。 ②详见弗里德里克·杰克逊·特纳《美国边疆论》，董敏译，中国对外翻译出版公司，2012年。 ③在雷吉纳德·霍斯曼看来，1830年代到1840年代中期正是新的盎格鲁-撒克逊政治意识形态形成的关键时期，在这段时间里，美国与信奉天主教的墨西哥等他者的直面相遇，促使美国政治家与大众接受了盎格鲁-撒克逊人是命中注定要控制或渗透到美洲大陆乃至世界其他地区这一观念(see Reginald Horsman,Race and Manifest Destiny:The Origins of American Racial Anglo-Saxonism,Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1981,pp.208-228)。林格则认为，尽管美国建国之父以政治自由、个人平等与社会民主等口号，动员本土民众反抗英国的政治压迫，谋求国家独立，但在面对新大陆上诸如印第安人与黑人等其他种族人群时，美国主流政治话语则强调美利坚民族之盎格鲁-美洲人这个种族身份，并突出此种族身份的道德与文化先进性与优越性，以便为维系奴隶制与不断攫取印第安人的土地谋求合法性基础(see Benjamin B.Ringer,"We the People" and Others:Duality and America's Treatment of Its Racial Minorities,New York:Tavistock,1983)。 ④See Thomas Philbrick,James Fenimore Cooper and the Development of American Sea Fiction,Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1961.虽然该书主要以库珀为研究对象，但其中提出的“航海民族主义”一说却为深入讨论十九世纪美国早期航海叙事与国家想象之间的关系开辟了新的领域。 ⑤“南海”(the South Seas)是英美等西方航海家对南太平洋广袤海域乃至岛屿的传统统称。 ⑥See William E Lenz,The Poetics of the Antarctic:A Study in Nineteenth-Century American Cultural Perceptions,New York:Garland Publishing,Inc.,1995.兰兹着重讨论的是詹姆斯·帕尔默(James C.Palmer)的长诗《苏利亚：一个南极传说》("Thulia:A Tale of the Antarctic"); see also Gretchen Murphy,"Symzonia,Typee,and the Dream of U.S.Global Isolation",in ESQ:A Journal of the American Renaissance,49(2003),pp.249-283; Gretchen Murphy,"Novels of Travel and Exploration",in J.Gerald Kennedy and Leland S.Person,eds.,The Oxford History of the Novel in English,vol.5:The American Novel to 1870,New York:Oxford University Press,2014,pp.532-547. ⑦See Daniel Walker Howe,What Hath God Wrought:The Transformation of America,1815-1848,New York:Oxford University Press,2007,p.6. ⑧Gordon S.Woods,Empire of Liberty:A History of the Early Republic 1790-1815,New York:Oxford University Press,2009,p.23. ⑨坡的《皮姆》对雷诺兹《太平洋与南海海域的测量与探索之旅的演说》的内容多有“借用”，而雷诺兹的“莫查·迪克”也是麦尔维尔《白鲸》的灵感来源。莫查·迪克是生活在太平洋的巨头鲸，通常可以在莫查岛附近水域发现，雷诺兹曾专门发表文章《莫查·迪克，或太平洋白鲸，出自一页日记手稿》("Mocha Dick:Or the White Whale of the Pacific:A Leaf from a Manuscript Journal")。 ⑩See David Day,Antarctica:A Biography,Oxford:Oxford University Press,2013,pp.42-43. (11)有关1838-1842年美国官方组织的此次远航探险的详细情况，详见Nathaniel Philbrick,Sea of Glory:America's Voyage of Discovery,the U.S.Exploring Expedition,1838-1842,New York:Penguin Books,2004; 参见William Stanton,The Great United States Exploring Expedition of 1838-1842,Berkeley:University of California Press,1975。 (12)关于杰弗逊与田园理想的关系，详见利奥·马克斯《花园里的机器：美国的技术与田园理想》，马海良、雷月梅译，北京大学出版社，2011年，第3章；刘祚昌《杰斐逊的农业理想国》，载《美国研究》1989年第3期，第120-140页；see also Richard Hofstadter,The Age of Reform:From Bryan to F.D.R.,New York:Vintage Books,1955,Chapter 1. (13)Jeremiah N.Reynolds,Address on the Subject of a Surveying and Exploration Expedition to the Pacific and South Sea,New York:Harper &Brothers,1836,p.5.后文出自同一著作的引文，将随文标出该著名称首词和引文出处页码，不再另注。 (14)See Nicholas Guyatt,Providence and the Invention of the United States,1607-1876,New York:Cambridge University Press,2007,p.6. (15)Jeremiah N.Reynolds,Dedication to the Honourable the Secretary and Officers of the United States Navy,in Jeremiah N.Reynolds,Voyage of the United States Frigate Potomac,New York:Harper &Brothers,1835,p.i. (16)William H.Goetzmann,When the Eagle Screamed:The Romantic Horizon in the American Expansionism,1800-1860,Norman:University of Oklahoma Press,p.1. (17)See J.O.Bailey,"An Early American Utopian Fiction",in American Literature,14(1942),pp.285-293. (18)例如，汉斯-乔基姆·兰与本杰明·利思认为，该书作者极有可能是当时美国另一位航海家兼游记作者纳撒尼尔·艾米斯(Nathaniel Ames)，不过缺乏直接的证据(see Hans-Joachim Lang and Benjamin Lease,"The Authorship of Symzonia:The Case for Nathaniel Ames",in The New England Quarterly,48[1975],pp.241-252)。 (19)格雷琴·墨菲便在其研究中强调该书的讽喻特征(see Gretchen Murphy,"Symzonia,Typee,and the Dream of U.S.Global Isolation",pp.249-283)。 (20)J.O.Bailey,"An Early American Utopian Fiction",p.286,note 6. (21)Adam Seaborn[pseudo],Symzonia:A Voyage of Discovery[1820],New York:Moonglow Books,2009,p.12.后文出自同一著作的引文，将随文标出该著名称首词和引文出处页码，不再另注。 (22)See Marilyn J.Landis,Antarctica:Exploring the Extreme:400 Years of Adventure,Chicago:Chicago Review Press,2001,pp.27-47; see also David Day,Antarctica:A Biography,Chapter 2. (23)南北战争之前，美国兴起了旨在革除针对海员、囚犯、女性与儿童的体制化暴力的社会改良运动，麦拉·格兰对该体制化暴力多有揭示，详见Myra C.Glenn,Campaigns Against Corporal Punishment:Prisoners,Sailors,Women,and Children in Antebellum America,Albany:State University of New York Press,1984；亦参见Myra C.Glenn,"The Naval Reform Campaign againat Flogging:A Case Study in Changing Attitudes toward Corporal Punishment,1830-1850",in American Quarterly,35(1983),pp.408-425。 (24)See Hester Blum,"John Cleves Symmes and the Planetary Reach of Polar Exploration",in American Literature,84(2012),p.262. (25)虽然十九世纪初期美国实行的是货币双金属(黄金、白银)本位制，但各州议会却可独立授权开设银行与发行货币及银行本票。第二次英美战争结束后，由于各州银行大量超发货币，合众国第二银行在1818年颁布强硬政策，要求各州银行以金属币而非纸币支付债务，这不仅使各州(尤其是非新英格兰地区)银行出现支付困难，也部分导致了经济恐慌的全面爆发(see Murray N.Rothbard,The Panic of 1819:Reactions and Policies,Auburn:Ludwig von Mises Institute,2007,pp.1-35)。关于美国1819年经济恐慌的详细分析，详见Murray N.Rothbard,The Panic of 1819:Reactions and Policies; see also Clyde A.Haulman,Virginia and the Panic of 1819:The First Great Depression and the Commonwealth,London:Pickering & Chatto,2008. (26)See Murray N.Rothbard,The Panic of 1819:Reactions and Policies,p.184,p.248. (27)Edwin Williams and Benson J.Lossing,eds.,The Statesman's Manual:Containing the President's Messages,Inaugural,Annual,and Special,from 1789 to 1858,vol.III,New York:Edward Walker,1858,p.1555. (28)See David Day,Antarctica:A Biography,pp.47-48. (29)J.C.Davis,Utopia and the Ideal Society:A Study of English Utopian Writing 1516-1700,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1981,pp.12-40. (30)See Louis Marin,Utopics:Spatial Play,trans.Robert A.Vollrath,New Jersey:Humanities Press Inc.,1984,pp.195-200. (31)See Charles Sellers,The Market Revolution:Jacksonian America 1815-1846,New York:Oxford University Press,1991. (32)See Richard Hofstadter,The Age of Reform:From Bryan to F.D.R.,Chapter 1. (33)Louis Marin,Utopics:Spatial Play,p.195. (34)See Hester Blum,"John Cleves Symmes and the Planetary Reach of Polar Exploration",pp.243-271. (35)See Joseph V.Ridgely,"The Growth of the Text",in Burton R.Pollin and Joseph V.Ridgely,eds.,Collected Writings of Edgar Allan Poe,vol.1,New York:Gordian Press,1994,pp.29-36. (36)爱伦·坡《爱伦·坡暗黑故事全集》(上)，曹明伦译，湖南文艺出版社，2013年，第376页。后文出自同一著作的引文，将随文标出本文所讨论文本的简称《皮姆》和引文出处页码，不再另注。 (37)See Johan Wijkmark,"Poe's Pym and the Discourse of Antarctic Exploration",in The Edgar Allan Poe Review,10(2009),pp.84-116. (38)Douglass Robinson,"Reading Poe's Novel:A Speculative Review of Pym Criticism,1950-1980",in Poe Studies,15(1982),p.47 (39)出自J.Gerald Kennedy的书名(J.Gerald Kennedy,The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym and the Abyss of Interpretation,New York:Twayne Publisher,Inc.,1994)。 (40)See Teresa Goddu,Gothic America:Narrative,History and the Nation,New York:Columbia University Press,1997,pp 73-93. (41)托克维尔《论美国的民主》，董果良译，商务印书馆，1991年，第417-418页。 (42)关于奈特·特纳一案的详情，详见Stepen B.Oates,The Fires of Jubilee:Nat Turner's Fierce Rebellion,New York:New American Library,1975；亦参见Kenneth S.Greenberg,ed.,Nat Turner:A Slave Rebellion in History and Memory,New York:Oxford University Press,2003。哈罗德·比佛也提醒读者关注《皮姆》与美国南方日渐紧张的种族形势的关联(see Harold Beaver,Introduction to Edgar Allan Poe,The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket,New York:Penguin Books,1975)。 (43)Ronald C.Harvey,The Critical History of Edgar Allan Poe's The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym:A Dialogue with Unreason,New York:Garland Publishing,1998,p.143. (44)See John Carlos Rowe,At Emerson s Tomb:The Politics of Classic American Literature,New York:Columbia University Press,1997,p.70. (45)See Burton Pollin,"The Narrative of Benjamin Morrell:Out of 'The Bucket' and into Poe's Pym",in Studies in American Fiction,4(1976),pp.157-172. (46)See James Fairhead,The Captain and "the Cannibal":An Epic Story of Exploration,Kidnapping,and the Broadway Stage,New Haven:Yale University Press,2015,pp.43-46. (47)至少到1803年为止，棉花就已经成为美国最重要的出口商品，至内战前夕，棉花占美国出口价值总额一半以上。在谈到棉花时，参议员詹姆斯·亨利·哈蒙德宣称：“地球上没有任何权力敢于向棉花宣战。棉花即国王。”(详见埃里克·方纳《给我自由!一部美国的历史》[上卷]，王希译，商务印书馆，2010年，第499-503页) (48)See Sydney Kaplan,"An Introduction to Pym",in Edgar Allen Poe,The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym,ed.Sydney Kaplan，New York:Hill and Wang,Inc.,1960，pp.145-163; see also John T.Irwin,American Hieroglyphics:The Symbol of the Egyptian Hieroglyphics in the American Renaissance,New Haven:Yale University Press,1980,pp.197-205. (49)详见《圣经》(中文和合本)，中国基督教三自爱国运动委员会/中国基督教协会，2007年，《创世纪》9：21-25。 (50)See Terence Whalen,Edgar Allan poe and the Masses:The Political Economy of Literature in Antebellum America,New Jersey:Princeton University Press,1999,p.111. (51)See Tony Morrison,Playing in the Dark:Whiteness and the Literary Imagination,Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1992,p.32. (52)关于此次船难的过程及影响，详见纳撒尼尔·菲尔布里克《海洋深处：“埃塞克斯号”捕鲸船罹难记》，刘静译，北京大学出版社，2015年。 (53)See Eric Cheyfitz,The Poetics of Imperialism:Translation and Colonization from the Tempest to Tarzan,Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Press,1997,p.143. (54)See Dana D.Nelson,The Word in Black and White:Reading "Race" in American Literature,1638-1867,New York:Oxford University Press,1992,pp.90-108.内尔森关于《皮姆》的分析对本节的讨论尤有启发。 (55)理查德·科普利先提出白色人形或暗指即将行驶至此搭救皮姆的“企鹅号”(see Richard Kopley,"The Secret of Arthur Gordon Pym:The Text and the Source",in Studiesin American Fiction,8[1980],pp.203-218)，后又论证了白色人形与耶稣之间的相似性(see Richard Kopley,"The 'Very Profound Undercurrent' of Arthur Gordon Pym",in Joel Myerson,ed.,Studies in the American Renaissance,Charlottesville:University Press of Virginia,1987,pp.143-175)；约翰·欧文则从犹太-基督教传统与浪漫主义风潮的交汇处出发，将白色人形看作是坡的“书写自我”(the writing self)与“被书写自我”(the written self)在深渊之间的遭遇、变形与重生(see John T.Irwin,American Hieroglyphics:The Symbol of the Egyptian Hieroglyphics in the American Renaissance,pp.205-223)；哈罗德·布鲁姆认可约翰·欧文的阐释，同时还指出白色人形不仅可被看成“美国意志之胜利”的幻影，也是一种迥异于爱默生之肯定与乐观的“形而上的失望”(metaphysical despair)(see Harold Bloom,Introduction to Harold Bloom,ed.,Bloom's Modern Critical Views:Edgar Allan Poe,New York:Infobase Publishing,2006,p.8)。 (56)Homi K.Bhabha,"Introduction:Narrating the Nation",in Homi K.Bhabha.,ed.,Nation and Narration,London:Routledge,1990,p.1. (57)Stephen Pyne,The Ice:A Journey to Antarctic,Iowa City:University of Iowa Press,1986,p.166. (58)详见亨利·戴维·梭罗《瓦尔登湖》，杰弗里·S.克莱默注，杜先菊译，华东师范大学出版社，2015年，第354页。 (责任编辑：admin) |