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注释： ①剧中的悲剧性源于这位古不列颠王的退隐之语：“把那地图给我。告诉你们吧，我已经把我的国土划成三部[分]。”(威廉·莎士比亚《李尔王》，收入威廉·莎士比亚《莎士比亚全集》[第5卷]，朱生豪等译，人民文学出版社，1994年，第428页。后文出自同一著作的引文，将随文标出该著名称首字和引文出处页码，不再另注) ②See Sharon Emmerichs,"'Thou Map of Woe':Mapping the Feminine in Titus Andronicus and King Lear",in English Studies,97(2016),p.15.当代美国学者劳拉·霍普及菲莉帕·凯利的统计学成果则表明，莎剧人物总计共有981名，其中女性只有155名，仅占总数的15.8%，但在第一对开本的《李尔王》第1幕中李尔王的台词共计166行，高纳里尔和考狄利娅的台词则分别有149行和107行，这从侧面说明了女性在剧作者心目中的地位(see Laura Hope and Philippa Kelly,"Feminist Dramaturgy:Notes from No-(Wo)man's Land",in Theatre Topics,24.3[2014],pp.225-237)。 ③比如英格兰中世纪著名的“萨尔特地图”(c.1260)就重现了古希腊泰勒斯的性别歧视策略，将女性与蛮夷并置于文明的O型时空之外(see P.D.A.Harvey,Mappa Mundi:The Hereford World Map,London:British Library,p.38)。 ④See Peta Mitchell,Cartographic Strategies of Postmodernity:The Figure of the Map in Contemporary Theory and Fiction,New York:Routledge,2008,p.19.就西方女性地图这一空间王国的建构进程而言，尽管恩蒂是首位进入西方地图学领域的女性，但首幅有确切署名的不列颠女性制图师所绘制的地图于1650年才面世，学科意义上的女性地图学则于二十世纪后半叶才最终由以海伦·沃利斯(Helen Wallis)为代表的西方学者建立起来，由此见证了西方女性空间话语建构的艰辛历程(see Will C van den Hoonaard,Map Worlds:A History of Women in Cartography,Ontario:Wilfrid Laurier University Press,2013,pp.38-279.后文出自同一著作的引文，将随文标出该著名称首词和引文出处页码，不再另注)。 ⑤See Catherine Delano-Smith and Roger J.P.Kain,English Maps:A History,Toronto:University of Toronto Press,1999,pp.49-74. ⑥See Henri Lefebvre,The Production of Space,trans.D.Nicholson-Smith,Oxford:Blackwell,1991,p.233. ⑦John Gillies,Shakespeare and the Geography of Difference,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1994,p.54.词源学研究表明，artifact(赝象)由拉丁语arte(art)和factum(fact)两部分组成，意为(考古学上的)“原始物品”、“人工制品”、人为效应或现象(see J.Simpson and E.Weiner,eds.,The Oxford English Dictionary,vol.1,Oxford:Oxford University Press,1989,p.600)。在本文中“赝象”一词主要指代“人为现象”——它既揭示了文艺复兴欧洲地图制品的社会生产属性，也契合早期现代英国女权的虚像特质，由此成为一种特殊的地图赝象。 ⑧美国宾夕法尼亚州立大学的地理学博士尼古拉斯·哈夫曼是最早提出“女性地图学”术语的西方学者之一，他致力于勾勒社会地图学的概念框架，同时寻找西方地图史中男性主义认识论在场的证据，以期建构当代地图学中的女性主体视角(see Nikolas Huffman,"Charting the Other Maps:Cartography and Visual Methods in Feminist Research",in John Paul Jones et al.,eds,Thresholds in Feminist Geography:Difference,Methodology,and Representation,Oxford:Rowman & Littlefield,1997,pp.255-284)。 ⑨詹姆士一世曾自称"James by the Grace of God King of England，Scotland，France and Ireland，defender of the faith"(Astrid Stilma,A King Translated:The Writings of King James VI & I and Their Interpretation in the Low Countries,1593-1603,London:Routledge,2016,p.281)。 ⑩Geoffrey of Monmouth,The History of the Kings of Britain,trans.Neil Wright,Woodbridge:Boydell & Brewer Ltd.,2007,p.29. (11)See John Gillies,Shakespeare and the Geography of Difference,p.46. (12)See J.Keay,ed.,Collins Encyclopedia of Scotland,London:Harper Collins,1994,p.380. (13)《新旧约全书·旧约·创世纪》第2章第24节，中国基督教协会印发，1989年，第2页。 (14)Norman Thrower,Maps and Man,Englewood Cliffs,Upper Saddle River:Prentice-Hall,1972,p.279. (15)Qtd.in Amanda Flather,Gender and Space in Early Modern England,Woodbridge:Boydell & Brewer Ltd.,2007,p.17. (16)See Titus Burckhardt,The Foundations of Christian Art:Illustrated,Bloomington:World Wisdom,2006,pp.31-33. (17)Peta Mitchell,Cartographic Strategies of Postmodernity:The Figure of the Map in Contemporary Theory and Fiction,p.17. (18)James I(King of England),New Poems by James I of England:From a hitherto Unpublished Manuscript in the British Museum,New York:The Columbia University Press,1911,p.21. (19)See Melanie Holcomb and Lisa Bessette,Pen and Parchment:Drawing in the Middle Ages,New York:Metropolitan Museum of Art,2009,pp.140-142. (20)Page duBois,Centaurs and Amazons,Ann Arbor:University of Michigan Press,1982,p.1. (21)See John Climacus,The Ladder of Divine Ascent,New York:Paulist Press,1982,p.63. (22)See Raphael Holinshed,The Chronicles of England,Scotland and Ireland,vol.1,London:J.Johnson,1808,p.448. (23)See David Frankfurter,Evil Incarnate:Rumors of Demonic Conspiracy and Satanic Abuse in History,Princeton:Princeton University Press,2006,pp.208-209; J.Simpson and E.Weiner,eds.,The Oxford English Dictionary,vol.1,p.600. (24)See Patrick Hanks et al.,eds.,A Dictionary of First Names,Oxford:Oxford University Press,2006,p.46. (25)See J.E.Neale,Queen Elizabeth I:A Biography,London:Jonathan Cape,1954,p.386. (26)Immanuel Kant,Critique of Pure Reason,trans.and eds.Paul Guyer and Allan W.Wood,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1998,pp.338-339. (27)Sarah Kofman,Nietzsche and Metaphor,trans.Duncan Large,London:Athlone,1993,p.105. (28)《新旧约全书·旧约·歌罗西书》第3章第11节，第229页。 (29)See Evelyn Edson,Mapping Time and Space:How Medieval Mapmakers Viewed Their World,London:British Library,1997,p.135. (30)See David Loades,Elizabeth I:The Golden Reign of Gloriana,London:The National Archives,2003,pp.6-7; see also Kenneth J.Panton,Historical Dictionary of the British Monarchy,Plymouth:The Scarecrow Press,2011,pp.456-465. (31)See Paige Newmark,"'She is Spherical,like a Globe':Mapping the Theatre,Mapping the Body",in Shakespeare in Southern Africa,16(2004),pp.19-21. (32)See Henry S.Turner,"Literature and Mapping in Early Modern England,1520-1688",in David Woodward,ed.,The History of Cartography,vol.3:Cartography in the European Renaissance,Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,2007,p.424. (33)Constance Jordan,"Woman's Rule in Sixteenth-Century British Political Thought",in Renaissance Quarterly,40(1987),p.51. (34)See Francis Bacon,"The Masculine Birth of Time",in W.Pickering，ed.,The Works of Francis Bacon,vol.XV,London:William Pichering,1834,pp.223-224. (35)“伪差”原意为医学成像中“组织结构的伪示”，后转指人为假象(see Baigalmaa Tsagaan and Hiromasa Nakatani,"Image Processing in Medicine",in R.Kountchev and K.Nakamatsu,eds.,Advances in Reasoning-Based Image Processing Intelligert Systems:Conventional and Intelligent Paradigms,Berlin:Springer Science & Business Media,2012,p.131)。 (36)See Catherine Nash,"Remapping the Body/Land:New Cartographies of Identity,Gender,and Landscape",in Alison Blunt and Gillian Rose,eds.,Writing Women and Space:Colonial and Postcolonial Geographies,New York:The Guilford Press,1994,p.238. (37)See Jodi Beth Mikalachki,Taking the Measure of England:The Poetics of Antiquarianism in the English Renaissance,Ann Arbor:UMI,1991,pp.82-83. (38)See Simon Pinet,"Literature and Cartography in Early Modern Spain:Etymologies and Conjectures",in David Woodward,ed.,The History of Cartography,vol.3:Cartography in the European Renaissance,p.471.“言语地图”始于古希腊，艺格敷词(ekphrasis或ecphrasis)一词中的ek意为“出去、出来”，phrasis则意指“说”，即用话语来描绘雕像和绘画等空间艺术。 (39)See Juan Vives,The Education of a Christian Woman:A Sixteenth-Century Manual,Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,2007,pp.71-72. (40)See Raphael Holinshed,The Chronicles of England,Scotland and Ireland,vol.1,p.448; see also Geoffrey of Monmouth,The History of the Kings of Britain,pp.27-29; see also Edmund Spenser,The Faerie Queene,vol.2,ed.Carol V.Kaske,Indianapolis:Hackett,2006,pp.165-168. (41)William Shakespeare,M.William Shakspeare:HIS True Chronicle Historie of the life and death of King LEAR and his three Daughters,London,1608,title page. (42)在雅典和斯巴达等古希腊城邦共和国内，没有弟兄的女儿虽然被称作“女继承人”，但没有继承权的她需要与父辈的亲属结婚，以延续男权的血脉(see Susan Guettel Cole,Landscapes,Gender,and Ritual Space:The Ancient Greek Experience,Berkeley:University of California Press,2004,p.175)。奥本尼虽与李尔王没有直接的血缘关系，却和詹姆士一世一样有着苏格兰血统，因此其继位并未超出西方继承权传统的概念外延。 (43)See Louis Montrose,"The Work of Gender in the Discourse of Discovery",in Representations,33(1991),pp.1-41.胡那尔德则将英国女性地图学的发展细分为四个浪潮期：十六世纪女性制图的润色期为第一浪潮，十七世纪女性继承男性制图业为第二浪潮，启蒙主义语境下的女性科学地图主义是十八世纪第三浪潮的突出特征，第四浪潮源于十九世纪中叶伊始女性建立相对独立的空间知识传统，但直到1972年以英国地图协会会长沃利斯为代表的精英女性才真正进入英国地图学界的核心领域(see Map：133-137)。 (44)Stephen Greenblatt et al.,eds,The Norton Shakespeare,New York:Norton,1997,p.2321. (45)See E.B.Cullingford,Gender and History in Yeats's Love Poetry,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1993,p.9. (46)Christopher Marlowe,The Complete Works of Christopher Marlowe,vol.5,eds.David Fuller and Edward J.Esche,Oxford:Clarendon,1998,p.152. (47)Ben Jonson,Volpone,Epicoene,The Alchemist,Catiline,vol.5,eds.C.H.Herford and Percy Simpson,Oxford:Oxford University Press,1937,p.39. (48)斯皮瓦克《三个女性文本和一种帝国主义批评》，裴亚莉译，收入朱立元、李均主编《二十世纪西方文论选》(下)，高等教育出版社，2002年，第617页。但本文并不赞成过度夸大《李尔王》性别冲突的观点，比如考狄利娅和法国国王之间就存在默契，而相较于正统的天主教男权教义，英格兰国教更注重两性和谐，尽管这种融洽仍被置于男权宗法秩序之下(see also Keith Linley,King Lear in Context:The Cultural Background,Patriarchy,Family Authority and Gender Relationships,London:Anthem Press,2015,p.99)。 (责任编辑：admin) |